328 lines
11 KiB
XML
328 lines
11 KiB
XML
<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
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xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
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<title>Development</title>
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<para>This chapter has some random notes on hacking on
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NixOS.</para>
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<section>
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<title>Extending NixOS</title>
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<para>A unique syntax is used to express all system, hardware, computer and
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service configurations. This syntax helps for reading and writing new
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configuration files. It is coming with some extra strategies defined in
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NixPkgs which are used to merge and evaluate all configuration files.</para>
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<para>A configuration file is the same as your own computer
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configuration.</para>
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<example xml:id='conf-syntax'><title>Usual configuration file</title>
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<programlisting>
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{pkgs, config, ...}: <co xml:id='conf-syntax-1' />
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###### interface
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let
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inherit (pkgs.lib) mkOption; <co xml:id='conf-syntax-2' />
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options = { <co xml:id='conf-syntax-3' />
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services = {
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locate = {
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enable = mkOption {
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default = false;
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example = true;
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description = ''
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If enabled, NixOS will periodically update the database of
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files used by the <command>locate</command> command.
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'';
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};
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period = mkOption {
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default = "15 02 * * *";
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description = ''
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This option defines (in the format used by cron) when the
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locate database is updated.
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The default is to update at 02:15 (at night) every day.
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'';
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};
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};
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};
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};
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in
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###### implementation
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let
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cfg = config.services.locate; <co xml:id='conf-syntax-4' />
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inherit (pkgs.lib) mkIf mkThenElse;
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locatedb = "/var/cache/locatedb";
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logfile = "/var/log/updatedb";
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cmd = "root updatedb --localuser=nobody --output=${locatedb} > ${logfile}";
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in
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mkIf cfg.enable {<co xml:id='conf-syntax-5' />
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require = [ <co xml:id='conf-syntax-6' />
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options
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# config.services.cron
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(import ../../upstart-jobs/cron.nix)
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];
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services = {
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cron = {
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systemCronJobs = mkThenElse { <co xml:id='conf-syntax-7' />
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thenPart = "${cfg.period} root ${cmd}";
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elsePart = "";
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};
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};
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};
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}</programlisting>
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</example>
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<para><xref linkend='conf-syntax' /> shows the <emphasis>configuration
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file</emphasis> for the locate service which uses cron to update the
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database at some dates which can be defined by the user. This nix
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expression is coming
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from <filename>upstart-jobs/cron/locate.nix</filename>. It shows a simple
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example of a service that can be either distributed on many computer that
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are using the same configuration or to shared with the community. This
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file is divided in two with the interface and the implementation. Both
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the interface and the implementation declare a <emphasis>configuration
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set</emphasis>.
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<calloutlist>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-1'>
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<para>This line declares the arguments of the configuration file. You
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can omit this line if there is no reference to <varname>pkgs</varname>
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and <varname>config</varname> inside the configuration file.</para>
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<para>The argument <varname>pkgs</varname> refers to NixPkgs and allow
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you to access all attributes contained inside it. In this
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example <varname>pkgs</varname> is used to retrieve common functions to
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ease the writing of configuration files
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like <varname>mkOption</varname>, <varname>mkIf</varname>
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and <varname>mkThenElse</varname>.</para>
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<para>The argument <varname>config</varname> corresponds to the whole
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NixOS configuration. This is a set which is build by merging all
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configuration files imported to set up the system. Thus all options
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declared are contained inside this variable. In this
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example <varname>config</varname> is used to retrieve the status of
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the <varname>enable</varname> flag. The important point of this
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argument is that it contains either the result of the merge of different
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settings or the default value, therefore you cannot assume
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that <option>config.services.locate.enable</option> is always false
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because it may have been defined in another configuration file.</para>
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</callout>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-2'>
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<para>This line is used to import a function that is useful for
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writing this configuration file.</para>
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</callout>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-3'>
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<para>The variable <varname>options</varname> is
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a <emphasis>configuration set</emphasis> which is only used to declare
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options with the function <varname>mkOption</varname> imported
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from <filename>pkgs/lib/default.nix</filename>. Options may contained
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any attribute but only the following have a special
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meaning: <varname>default</varname>, <varname>example</varname>,
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<varname>description</varname>, <varname>merge</varname>
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and <varname>apply</varname>.</para>
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<para>The <varname>merge</varname> attribute is used to merge all values
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defined in all configuration files and this function return a value
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which has the same type as the default value. If the merge function is
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not defined, then a default function
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(<varname>pkgs.lib.mergeDefaultOption</varname>) is used to merge
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values. The <varname>merge</varname> attribute is a function which
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expect two arguments: the location of the option and the list of values
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which have to be merged.</para>
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<para>The <varname>apply</varname> attribute is a function used to
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process the option. Thus the value return
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by <option>config.<replaceable>option</replaceable></option> would be
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the result of the <varname>apply</varname> function called with either
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the <varname>default</varname> value or the result of
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the <varname>merge</varname> function.</para>
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</callout>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-4'>
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<para>This line is a common trick used to reduce the amount of
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writing. In this case <varname>cfg</varname> is just a sugar over
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<option>config.services.locate</option></para>
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</callout>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-5'>
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<para>This line is used to declare a special <emphasis>IF</emphasis>
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statement. If you had put a usual <emphasis>IF</emphasis> statement
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here, with the same condition, then you will get an infinite loop. The
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reason is that your condition ask for the value of the
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option <option>config.services.locate.enable</option> but in order to
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get this value you have to evaluate all configuration sets including the
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configuration set contained inside your file.</para>
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<para>To remove this extra complexity, <varname>mkIf</varname> has been
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introduced to get rid of possible infinite loop and to factor your
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writing.</para>
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</callout>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-6'>
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<para>The attribute <varname>require</varname> is the only special
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option that exists. It is used to embed all option declarations that
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are required by your configuration file and it is also used to provide
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the options that you are declaring.</para>
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<para>This attribute is processed
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with <varname>pkgs.lib.uniqFlatten</varname> to collect all
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configuration files that are used by your system and it avoid the
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insertion of duplicated elements by comparing the configuration set codes.</para>
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<para>Currently, the file <filename>configuration.nix</filename>
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implicitly embeds <filename>system/options.nix</filename>. If you need
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a special configuration file, then you will have to add similar lines
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to your computer configuration.</para>
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</callout>
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<callout arearefs='conf-syntax-7'>
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<para>As <varname>mkIf</varname> does not need
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any <emphasis>then</emphasis> part or <emphasis>else</emphasis> part,
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then you can specify one on each option definition with the
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function <varname>mkThenElse</varname>.</para>
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<para>To avoid a lot of <varname>mkThenElse</varname> with empty
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<emphasis>else</emphasis> part, a sugar has been added to infer the
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corresponding <emphasis>empty</emphasis>-value of your option when the
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function <varname>mkThenElse</varname> is not used.</para>
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<para>If your <emphasis>then</emphasis> part
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and <emphasis>else</emphasis> part are identical, then you should use
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the function <varname>mkAlways</varname> to ignore the condition.</para>
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<para>If you need to add another condition, then you can add <varname>mkIf</varname> to on
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the appropriate location. Thus the <emphasis>then</emphasis> part will
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only be used if all conditions declared with <varname>mkIf</varname>
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are satisfied.</para>
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</callout>
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</calloutlist>
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Building specific parts of NixOS</title>
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<para>
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<screen>
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$ nix-build /etc/nixos/nixos <replaceable>attr</replaceable></screen>
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where <replaceable>attr</replaceable> is an attribute in
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<filename>/etc/nixos/nixos/default.nix</filename>. Attributes of interest include:
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<variablelist>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>kernel</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>The kernel.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>initialRamdisk</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>The initial ramdisk (initrd) for this configuration.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>bootStage1</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>The stage 1 (initrd) init script.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>bootStage2</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>The stage 2 init script.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>etc</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>The statically computed parts of <filename>/etc</filename>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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<varlistentry>
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<term><varname>upstartJobs</varname></term>
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<listitem><para>An attribute set containing the Upstart jobs. For
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instance, the <varname>sshd</varname> Upstart job can be built by
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doing <literal>nix-build /etc/nixos/nixos -A
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tests.upstartJobs.sshd</literal>.</para></listitem>
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</varlistentry>
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</variablelist>
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Testing the installer</title>
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<para>Building, burning, and booting from an installation CD is rather
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tedious, so here is a quick way to see if the installer works
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properly:
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<screen>
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$ nix-build .../nixos/configuration/rescue-cd.nix -A system.nixosInstall
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$ dd if=/dev/zero of=diskimage seek=2G count=0 bs=1
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$ yes | mke2fs -j diskimage
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$ mount -o loop diskimage /mnt
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$ ./result/bin/nixos-install</screen>
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</para>
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</section>
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<section>
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<title>Testing the <literal>initrd</literal></title>
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<para>A quick way to test whether the kernel and the initial ramdisk
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boot correctly is to use QEMU’s <option>-kernel</option> and
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<option>-initrd</option> options:
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<screen>
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$ nix-build /etc/nixos/nixos -A initialRamdisk -o initrd
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$ nix-build /etc/nixos/nixos -A kernel -o kernel
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$ qemu-system-x86_64 -kernel ./kernel/vmlinuz -initrd ./initrd/initrd -hda /dev/null
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</screen>
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</para>
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</section>
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</chapter>
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