Security-relevant changes:
* No (salted) passphrase hash send to the yubikey, only hash of the salt (as it was in the original implementation).
* Derive $k_luks with PBKDF2 from the yubikey $response (as the PBKDF2 salt) and the passphrase $k_user
(as the PBKDF2 password), so that if two-factor authentication is enabled
(a) a USB-MITM attack on the yubikey itself is not enough to break the system
(b) the potentially low-entropy $k_user is better protected against brute-force attacks
* Instead of using uuidgen, gather the salt (previously random uuid / uuid_r) directly from /dev/random.
* Length of the new salt in byte added as the parameter "saltLength", defaults to 16 byte.
Note: Length of the challenge is 64 byte, so saltLength > 64 may have no benefit over saltLengh = 64.
* Length of $k_luks derived with PBKDF2 in byte added as the parameter "keyLength", defaults to 64 byte.
Example: For a luks device with a 512-bit key, keyLength should be 64.
* Increase of the PBKDF2 iteration count per successful authentication added as the
parameter "iterationStep", defaults to 0.
Other changes:
* Add optional grace period before trying to find the yubikey, defaults to 2 seconds.
Full overview of the yubikey authentication process:
(1) Read $salt and $iterations from unencrypted device (UD).
(2) Calculate the $challenge from the $salt with a hash function.
Chosen instantiation: SHA-512($salt).
(3) Challenge the yubikey with the $challenge and receive the $response.
(4) Repeat three times:
(a) Prompt for the passphrase $k_user.
(b) Derive the key $k_luks for the luks device with a key derivation function from $k_user and $response.
Chosen instantiation: PBKDF2(HMAC-SHA-512, $k_user, $response, $iterations, keyLength).
(c) Try to open the luks device with $k_luks and escape loop (4) only on success.
(5) Proceed only if luks device was opened successfully, fail otherwise.
(6) Gather $new_salt from a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
Chosen instantiation: /dev/random
(7) Calculate the $new_challenge from the $new_salt with the same hash function as (2).
(8) Challenge the yubikey with the $new_challenge and receive the $new_response.
(9) Derive the new key $new_k_luks for the luks device in the same manner as in (4) (b),
but with more iterations as given by iterationStep.
(10) Try to change the luks device's key $k_luks to $new_k_luks.
(11) If (10) was successful, write the $new_salt and the $new_iterations to the UD.
Note: $new_iterations = $iterations + iterationStep
Known (software) attack vectors:
* A MITM attack on the keyboard can recover $k_user. This, combined with a USB-MITM
attack on the yubikey for the $response (1) or the $new_response (2) will result in
(1) $k_luks being recovered,
(2) $new_k_luks being recovered.
* Any attacker with access to the RAM state of stage-1 at mid- or post-authentication
can recover $k_user, $k_luks, and $new_k_luks
* If an attacker has recovered $response or $new_response, he can perform a brute-force
attack on $k_user with it without the Yubikey needing to be present (using cryptsetup's
"luksOpen --verify-passphrase" oracle. He could even make a copy of the luks device's
luks header and run the brute-force attack without further access to the system.
* A USB-MITM attack on the yubikey will allow an attacker to attempt to brute-force
the yubikey's internal key ("shared secret") without it needing to be present anymore.
Credits:
* Florian Klien,
for the original concept and the reference implementation over at
https://github.com/flowolf/initramfs_ykfde
* Anthony Thysse,
for the reference implementation of accessing OpenSSL's PBKDF2 over at
http://www.ict.griffith.edu.au/anthony/software/pbkdf2.c
To be compatible with eb2f44c18c (Generate
/etc/passwd and /etc/group at build time). Without this you'll get this:
$ nixos-rebuild build
[...]
user-thrown exception: The option `users.extraGroups.unnamed-9.1.gid' is used but not defined.
Currently very basic gnome-shell launches on my laptop. Quite some
services won't start yet, most notable is gnome-control-center.
GTK3 apps still don't have theming applied and for example launching
chromium results in horrible red windows.
This is a rather large commit that switches user/group creation from using
useradd/groupadd on activation to just generating the contents of /etc/passwd
and /etc/group, and then on activation merging the generated files with the
files that exist in the system. This makes the user activation process much
cleaner, in my opinion.
The users.extraUsers.<user>.uid and users.extraGroups.<group>.gid must all be
properly defined (if <user>.createUser is true, which it is by default). My
pull request adds a lot of uids/gids to config.ids to solve this problem for
existing nixos services, but there might be configurations that break because
this change. However, this will be discovered during the build.
Option changes introduced by this commit:
* Remove the options <user>.isSystemUser and <user>.isAlias since
they don't make sense when generating /etc/passwd statically.
* Add <group>.members as a complement to <user>.extraGroups.
* Add <user>.passwordFile for setting a user's password from an encrypted
(shadow-style) file.
* Add users.mutableUsers which is true by default. This means you can keep
managing your users as previously, by using useradd/groupadd manually. This is
accomplished by merging the generated passwd/group file with the existing files
in /etc on system activation. The merging of the files is simplistic. It just
looks at the user/group names. If a user/group exists both on the system and
in the generated files, the system entry will be kept un-changed and the
generated entries will be ignored. The merging itself is performed with the
help of vipw/vigr to properly lock the account files during edit.
If mutableUsers is set to false, the generated passwd and group files will not
be merged with the system files on activation. Instead they will simply replace
the system files, and overwrite any changes done on the running system. The
same logic holds for user password, if the <user>.password or
<user>.passwordFile options are used. If mutableUsers is false, password will
simply be replaced on activation. If true, the initial user passwords will be
set according to the configuration, but existing passwords will not be touched.
I have tested this on a couple of different systems and it seems to work fine
so far. If you think this is a good idea, please test it. This way of adding
local users has been discussed in issue #103 (and this commit solves that
issue).
Rationale:
* The main reason for choosing to implement the PBA in accordance
with the Yubico documentation was to prevent a MITM-USB-attack
successfully recovering the new LUKS key.
* However, a MITM-USB-attacker can read user id and password when
they were entered for PBA, which allows him to recover the new
challenge after the PBA is complete, with which he can challenge
the Yubikey, decrypt the new AES blob and recover the LUKS key.
* Additionally, since the Yubikey shared secret is stored in the
same AES blob, after such an attack not only is the LUKS device
compromised, the Yubikey is as well, since the shared secret
has also been recovered by the attacker.
* Furthermore, with this method an attacker could also bruteforce
the AES blob, if he has access to the unencrypted device, which
would again compromise the Yubikey, should he be successful.
* Finally, with this method, once the LUKS key has been recovered
once, the encryption is permanently broken, while with the previous
system, the LUKS key itself it changed at every successful boot,
so recovering it once will not necessarily result in a permanent
breakage and will also not compromise the Yubikey itself (since
its secret is never stored anywhere but on the Yubikey itself).
Summary:
The current implementation opens up up vulnerability to brute-forcing
the AES blob, while retaining the current MITM-USB attack, additionally
making the consequences of this attack permanent and extending it to
the Yubikey itself.
switch-to-configuration.pl is currently hard-coded to assume that if a
unit is in the "auto-restart" state that something has gone wrong, but
this is not strictly true. For example, I run offlineimap as a oneshot
service restarting itself every minute (on success). NixOS currently
thinks that offlineimap has failed to start as it enters the
auto-restart state, because it doesn't consider why the unit failed.
This commit changes switch-to-configuration.pl to inspect the full
status of a unit in auto-restart state, and now only considers it failed
if the ExecMainStatus is non-zero.
[Bjørn Forsman <bjorn.forsman@gmail.com>:
- use types.lines instead of types.string. The former joins strings
with "\n" and the latter with "" (and is deprecated).
]
This is achieved by having multiple lines per storage file, one for each user (if the feature is enabled); each of these
lines has the same format as would be the case for the userless authentication, except that they are prepended with a
SHA-512 of the user's id.
IIUC, <nixos> is going to be deprecated someday in the future, and as
most of those references are already replaced I guess it's safe to
replace it here as well, as it is only relevant on new/updated
installations.
Signed-off-by: aszlig <aszlig@redmoonstudios.org>
'YubiKey Integration for Full Disk Encryption Pre-Boot Authentication (Copyright) Yubico, 2011 Version: 1.1'.
Used binaries:
* uuidgen - for generation of random sequence numbers
* ykchalresp - for challenging a Yubikey
* ykinfo - to check if a Yubikey is plugged in at boot (fallback to passphrase authentication otherwise)
* openssl - for calculation of SHA-1, HMAC-SHA-1, as well as AES-256-CTR (de/en)cryption
Main differences to the specification mentioned above:
* No user management (yet), only one password+yubikey per LUKS device
* SHA-512 instead of CRC-16 for checksum
Main differences to the previous implementation:
* Instead of changing the key slot of the LUKS device each boot,
the actual key for the LUKS device will be encrypted itself
* Since the response for the new challenge is now calculated
locally with openssl, the MITM-USB-attack with which previously
an attacker could obtain the new response (that was used as the new
encryption key for the LUKS device) by listening to the
Yubikey has ideally become useless (as long as uuidgen can
successfuly generate new random sequence numbers).
Remarks:
* This is not downwards compatible to the previous implementation
This will allow overriding package-provided units, or overriding only a
specific instance of a unit template.
Signed-off-by: Shea Levy <shea@shealevy.com>
Includes configuration option for the threshold beneath which to refill
the entropy pool - defaults to 1024 bits as this is the number used in
other distro's existing service files I looked at.
With kmscon, it is now possible to have a system without X that still
needs the mesa setup in /run/opengl-driver
Signed-off-by: Shea Levy <shea@shealevy.com>
This required some changes to systemd unit handling:
* Add an option to specify that a unit is just a symlink
* Allow specified units to overwrite systemd-provided ones
* Have gettys.target require autovt@1.service instead of getty@1.service
Signed-off-by: Shea Levy <shea@shealevy.com>
Now that Java is happy with our /etc/localtime, there is no reason to
set $TZ anymore. (See 945849b86f, 279248f6c5, 1b5e860f65607b4cc7de4b6b5db95460cf144526.)
Fixes#1463.
Some programs (notably the Java Runtime Environment) expect to be able
to extract the name of the time zone from the target of the
/etc/localtime symlink. That doesn't work if /etc/localtime is a
symlink to /etc/static/localtime. So make it a direct symlink.
This is a second attempt at unifying the generic and manual-config
kernel builds (see #412 for the last time).
The set of working kernel packages is a superset of those that work on
master, and as the only objection last time was the size of the $dev
closure and now both $out and $dev combined are 20M smaller than $out on
master (see message for ac2035287f), this
should be unobjectionable.
Signed-off-by: Shea Levy <shea@shealevy.com>
In most cases, this just meant changing kernelDev (now removed from
linuxPackagesFor) to kernel.dev. Some packages needed more work (though
whether that was because of my changes or because they were already
broken, I'm not sure). Specifics:
* psmouse-alps builds on 3.4 but not 3.10, as noted in the comments that
were already there
* blcr builds on 3.4 but not 3.10, as noted in comments that were
already there
* open-iscsi, ati-drivers, wis-go7007, and openafsClient don't build on
3.4 or 3.10 on this branch or on master, so they're marked broken
* A version-specific kernelHeaders package was added
The following packages were removed:
* atheros/madwifi is superceded by official ath*k modules
* aufs is no longer used by any of our kernels
* broadcom-sta v6 (which was already packaged) replaces broadcom-sta
* exmap has not been updated since 2011 and doesn't build
* iscis-target has not been updated since 2010 and doesn't build
* iwlwifi is part of mainline now and doesn't build
* nivida-x11-legacy-96 hasn't been updated since 2008 and doesn't build
Everything not specifically mentioned above builds successfully on 3.10.
I haven't yet tested on 3.4, but will before opening a pull request.
Signed-off-by: Shea Levy <shea@shealevy.com>
The difference between xsession and xprofile is that xsession is exec'd and xprofile is sourced.
So with xprofile all commands after sourcing will still be exectued. This allows for instance
autostarting of applications while configuring the start of a window manager via configuration.nix.
This patch adds support for the creations of new bond devices, aggregate
pipes of physical devices for extra throughput or failover.
Additionally, add better correction at the startup of a bridge
of vlan interface (delete old, stale interfaces).
The redshift service stops working after some time (the program exits
after some hours/days). It looks like these exits are related to calls
to xrandr (for multiple displays) or suspend-to-ram.
Signed-off-by: Moritz Ulrich <moritz@tarn-vedra.de>
PR #1366
The previous windowManager.xmonad option only starts xmonad and
doesn't make ghc available. This assumes that the user has GHC with
access to the xmonad package in his PATH when using xmonad.
Xmonad in Nix is now patched to accept the XMONAD_{GHC,XMESSAGE}
environment variables which define the path to either ghc or xmessage.
These are set automatically when using xmonad through
windowManager.xmonad.
My (or specific: @aristidb and my) changes make it possible to use
Xmonad without adding GHC to any profile. This is useful if you want
to add a different GHC to your profile.
This commit introduces some options:
- xmonad.haskellPackages: Controls which Haskell package set & GHC set
is used to (re)build Xmonad
- xmonad.extraPackages: Function returning a list of additional
packages to make available to GHC when rebuilding Xmonad
- xmonad.enableContribExtras: Boolean option to build xmonadContrib
and xmonadExtras.
Signed-off-by: Moritz Ulrich <moritz@tarn-vedra.de>
If you want minidla to accept connections from the rest of the world, please
add
networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 8200 ];
networking.firewall.allowedUDPPorts = [ 1900 ];
to /etc/nixos/configuration.nix.
See <http://lists.science.uu.nl/pipermail/nix-dev/2013-November/011997.html>
for the discussion that lead to this.
If you want x11vnc to receive TCP connections from the rest of the world,
please add
networking.firewall.allowedTCPPorts = [ 5900 ];
to /etc/nixos/configuration.nix.
See <http://lists.science.uu.nl/pipermail/nix-dev/2013-November/011997.html>
for the discussion that lead to this.
If you want CUPS to receive UDP printer announcements from the rest of the
world, please add
networking.firewall.allowedUDPPorts = [ 631 ];
to /etc/nixos/configuration.nix.
See <http://lists.science.uu.nl/pipermail/nix-dev/2013-November/011997.html>
for the discussion that lead to this.
ntopng is a high-speed web-based traffic analysis and flow collection
tool. Enable it by adding this to configuration.nix:
services.ntopng.enable = true;
Open a browser at http://localhost:3000 and login with the default
username/password: admin/admin.
Postgres was taking a long time to shutdown. This is because we were
sending SIGINT to all processes, apparently confusing the autovacuum
launcher. Instead it should only be sent to the main process (which
takes care of shutting down the others).
The downside is that systemd will also send the final SIGKILL only to
the main process, so other processes in the cgroup may be left behind.
There should be an option for this...
libvirtd puts the full path of the emulator binary in the machine config
file. But this path can unfortunately be garbage collected while still
being used by the virtual machine. Then this happens:
Error starting domain: Cannot check QEMU binary /nix/store/z5c2xzk9x0pj6x511w0w4gy9xl5wljxy-qemu-1.5.2-x86-only/bin/qemu-kvm: No such file or directory
Fix by updating the emulator path on each service startup to something
valid (re-scan $PATH).
You can now say:
systemd.containers.foo.config =
{ services.openssh.enable = true;
services.openssh.ports = [ 2022 ];
users.extraUsers.root.openssh.authorizedKeys.keys = [ "ssh-dss ..." ];
};
which defines a NixOS instance with the given configuration running
inside a lightweight container.
You can also manage the configuration of the container independently
from the host:
systemd.containers.foo.path = "/nix/var/nix/profiles/containers/foo";
where "path" is a NixOS system profile. It can be created/updated by
doing:
$ nix-env --set -p /nix/var/nix/profiles/containers/foo \
-f '<nixos>' -A system -I nixos-config=foo.nix
The container configuration (foo.nix) should define
boot.isContainer = true;
to optimise away the building of a kernel and initrd. This is done
automatically when using the "config" route.
On the host, a lightweight container appears as the service
"container-<name>.service". The container is like a regular NixOS
(virtual) machine, except that it doesn't have its own kernel. It has
its own root file system (by default /var/lib/containers/<name>), but
shares the Nix store of the host (as a read-only bind mount). It also
has access to the network devices of the host.
Currently, if the configuration of the container changes, running
"nixos-rebuild switch" on the host will cause the container to be
rebooted. In the future we may want to send some message to the
container so that it can activate the new container configuration
without rebooting.
Containers are not perfectly isolated yet. In particular, the host's
/sys/fs/cgroup is mounted (writable!) in the guest.
The attribute ‘config.systemd.services.<service-name>.runner’
generates a script that runs the service outside of systemd. This is
useful for testing, and also allows NixOS services to be used outside
of NixOS. For instance, given a configuration file foo.nix:
{ config, pkgs, ... }:
{ services.postgresql.enable = true;
services.postgresql.package = pkgs.postgresql92;
services.postgresql.dataDir = "/tmp/postgres";
}
you can build and run PostgreSQL as follows:
$ nix-build -A config.systemd.services.postgresql.runner -I nixos-config=./foo.nix
$ ./result
This will run the service's ExecStartPre, ExecStart, ExecStartPost and
ExecStopPost commands in an appropriate environment. It doesn't work
well yet for "forking" services, since it can't track the main
process. It also doesn't work for services that assume they're always
executed by root.
Fixes this:
Nov 09 16:18:54 nixos-laptop systemd[1]: Starting Libvirt Virtual Machine Management Daemon...
Nov 09 16:18:54 nixos-laptop dnsmasq[15809]: read /etc/hosts - 2 addresses
Nov 09 16:18:54 nixos-laptop dnsmasq[15809]: failed to load names from /var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/default.addnhosts: Permission denied
Nov 09 16:18:54 nixos-laptop dnsmasq[15809]: cannot read /var/lib/libvirt/dnsmasq/default.hostsfile: Permission denied
Nov 09 16:18:55 nixos-laptop systemd[1]: Started Libvirt Virtual Machine Management Daemon.
I don't understand the reason for the original 700 permission bits.
Apparently read-access is needed and Ubuntu also use 755 perms.
Use "chmod" instead of "mkdir -m" to set permissions because mkdir doesn't
modify permissions on existing directories.
(systemd service descriptions that is, not service descriptions in "man
configuration.nix".)
Capitalizing each word in the description seems to be the accepted
standard.
Also shorten these descriptions:
* "Munin node, the agent process" => "Munin Node"
* "Planet Venus, an awesome ‘river of news’ feed reader" => "Planet Venus Feed Reader"
- It now uses JavaScript for configuration (only),
so I had to "convert" config for NetworkManager.
- I tested suspend/restart/(un)mount on KDE/Xfce,
Phreedom tested NetworkManager config conversion.
* Use smaller instances to generate HVM images
* Use HVM base image that has 4 ephemeral disks in device mapping
* As grub is not on the base images anymore, install it first before copying parts of its contents
Gnome doesn't work at least since I started using NixOS half a year
ago, let's not give wrong impressions to newcomers. Packaging gnome3
is still something on horizon.
